One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions AND actions AND their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design AND intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective AND Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method AND method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement AND the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size AND statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used AND the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO AND SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory AND the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach AND classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest AND item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, AND the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 AND rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen AND water withholding in vegetative growth stage of corn on efficacy of nicosulfuron AND 2,4-D+ MCPA an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a rANDomized complete block design with three replications at Tarbiat Modares University in 2017. The first factor contained four treatments including application of nicosulfuron, 2,4-D+ MCPA, WEED free AND WEED infested as control. The second factor consisted of normal irrigation AND water withholding from 4 to 8 leaf stage. Third factor contained either urea application or no fertilizer application. Normal irrigation AND nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased nicosulfuron AND 2,4-D+ MCPA efficacy in WEED control AND total WEED dry weight decreased to 341 AND 361 g.m-2 respectively compared 1370 g.m-2 as WEED infested. Nicosulfuron AND 2,4-D+ MCPA reduced WEED total dry weight significantly under irrigation withholding. Grain yield increased with application of nitrogen AND nicosulfuron. Grain yield was higher with application of 2,4-D+ MCPA than nicosulfuron without nitrogen application under irrigation withholding. Application of nicosulfuron with nitrogen application provided satisfactory WEED control AND increased grain yield.

To investigate the effect of WEED interference AND WEED-free periods on Balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth. in Wall) AND to evaluate the critical period of WEED control (CPWC) in this oilseed crop, an experiment was conducted as a rANDomized complete block design with three replications in Naghadeh region in 2018. Experimental consisted of two groups of treatments; WEED infestation treatments (infestation for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 AND 1451.3 growing degree day (GDD) after transplanting AND then plots were remained WEED-free the rest of the growing season) AND WEED-free treatments (WEEDing for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 AND 1451.3 GDD after transplanting AND then plots were remained infested until harvesting time). In each block, one WEED free AND WEED infested control was for all the growing season. Results indicated that the density AND dry biomass of WEEDs were increased as WEED removal was delayed. In contrast, density AND dry biomass of WEEDs were decreased as WEEDs establishment was delayed. Height, tetrachenes fruits, ripened achenes, 1000-seed weight AND biological, seed AND relative yields of Balangu were decreased AND increased as the duration of WEED-infested AND WEED-free period increased, respectively. Also, logistic AND Gompertz curves fitted to data showed that the beginning AND end of the CPWC based on a 10% yield loss of relative yield, was estimated to be from 11 to 108 days after transplanting (97 days WEED-free period) in order to prevent a noticeable yield loss.

Mesquite is an invasive AND problematic WEED in warm AND dry areas AND so its management is very important. In order to study the effective factors on mesquite seed GERMINATION, the following studies were conducted to investigate: 1- seed viability; 2- the effect of constant temperatures on seed GERMINATION including 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 AND 40°C independent dark AND independent light conditions; 3- Effect of temperature fluctuations on seed GERMINATION including 10/0, 20/10 AND 30/20oC; 4- the effect of scarification with concentrated sulphuric acid AND physiacal scarification on seed GERMINATION; 5- the effect of planting depth seed on seedling emergence; 6- the effect of drought stress including 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, AND 600 Mm PEG on seed GERMINATION; AND finally 7- the effect of salt stress including 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, AND 700 mM NaCl on seed GERMINATION. All experiments were performed as completely rANDomized designs with 4 replications. The results showed that seed viability of mesquite was 81%. The optimum temperature for seed GERMINATION was a constant temperature- 30oC. In general, constant temperature was more suitable than temperature fluctuations for seed GERMINATION. The best seed planting depth for seedling emergence was 2 cm. The most seed GERMINATION was observed under the effect of 20 min scarification with concentrated sulphuric acid.Physical scarification had no significant effect on seed GERMINATION. While the study of salt AND drought stresses effect showed that the most seed GERMINATION (after control without NaCl AND PEG), was due to concentrations of 100 AND 200 mM, seed GERMINATION decreased with the increase of NaCl AND PEG concentrations. Based on the present results, light did not play a crucial role on seed GERMINATION.Therefore, mesquite seeds were not photoblastic. These characteristics are very important in making mesquite an invasive WEED. Having precise information of these traits, enables us to have a better control over the management of this troublesome WEED.

To evaluate the effects of different treatments on seed dormancy breaking of Notobasis, two separate experiments were conducted at Agricultural Sciences AND Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, in 2017 with three replications. The first experiment included nine physical, mechanical AND chemical treatments (control, surface scarification, intense scarification, one AND two weeks of chilling at 4°C, soaking into hot water for two hours without scarification , soaking in 25°C distilled water for two hours with scarification  AND acid treatment for six AND 12 minutes) based on completely rANDomized designs (CRD). The Second experiment was hormone priming arranged as a factorial experiment based on completely rANDomized design with gibberellin concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 AND 1000 ppm) AND priming duration (12 AND 24 hour) as the treatments. The highest seed GERMINATION (40%) obtained from 12 minutes of acid treatment. Results showed that seed GERMINATION reached to 100% after priming seeds with GA3 concentrations for 12 hours. However, increase the priming durations to 24 hours, significantly declined seed GERMINATION to 47% in 200 AND 400 ppm of GA3 concentrations. The Increase of GA3 concentrations in 12 hours led to a linear reduction of T50 from 31 hours in 200 ppm to 19 hours in 1000 ppm). In 24 hours of priming treatment, T50 followed a Gaussian function AND the highest T50 (92 hours) was obtained from 600 ppm. It is recommended to immerse the seeds for 12 minutes in sulfuric acid AND prime with 400 ppm GA3 acid for 12 hours to break dormancy AND increase the vigor index.

Halfa or cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.) is one of the noxious/problematic species which not only threatens agriculture productivity, but also causes environmental damage to the ecosystem, whereas the invasive alien WEEDs are affected greatly by seed GERMINATION that depends on the temperature AND light as well as other environmental factors. Therefore, the GERMINATION behavior of I. cylindrica at the optimum temperature regimes (25/35 °C) was chosen to test the effect of different light regimes, some growth regulators i.e. indole butyric acid (IBA), gibberellic acid (GA3), AND naphthalene acetic acid + naphthalene acetamide (NAA + NAD), AND chemical substances i.e. Potassium nitrate (KNO3) AND Si-Si-6, acetic acid on seed GERMINATION of cogon grass (I. cylindrica). The higher GERMINATION percent of I. cylindrica seeds was observed after soaking for 12 hours in the growth regulators at 200, 800, 400, AND 1000 ppm which exhibited GERMINATION of 56.67, 71.11, 73.33, AND 56. 67% after soaking in gibberellic acid AND 65.56, 71.11, 73.33, AND 56.67% after soaking in indole butyric acid, respectively under 16/8 hours of light/darkness. The maximum GERMINATION of I. cylindrica seeds (22.44%) was also achieved after exposure to 1% acetic acid for 1min. under 16/8 h light/ dark AND the same temperature, while the greater level of GERMINATION (55.56% AND 35.56%) was attained after 12 h. soaking in 10% from Si-Si-6 (Potassium sulphonate 10% SL) AND KNO3, respectively. It can be concluded that I. cylindrica GERMINATION rate depends on the environmental factors AND its time of exposure which are the driving force for changes in I. cylindrica seed dormancy. This information could help in preventing AND predicting their invasion as well as may lead to improving its management strategies.